Indirect speech acts pdf

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There are several elements that go into converting a direct speech sentence into an indirect speech sentence, including reporting verbs, modals, time, place, pronouns, tenses, etc. We will go over each of these elements individually. (1) 1st Rule - Reporting verbs With indirect speech acts some inference from the literal meaning to the indirect speech act performed is possible. (For example, S knows that A can pass the salt, so he could not be asking about A's ability. Telling someone to do something is impolite, and if one were being polite, he might find an alternative means of realizing his wishes. S These examples will also reinforce the difference between direct and indirect speech. 1. Changing From Present Tense to Past Tense When converting speech from direct to indirect, you must change Other indirect ways of asking the same question, using the declarative form: (d3) I'd like to know if Jenny got an A on the test. indirect question (d4) I wonder whether Jenny got an A on the test. indirect question In the case of the speech act of requesting or ordering, speakers can be even more indirect: (e1)( Please) close the window Indirect speech acts, according to the theory, are even higher up the po-liteness scale than deferential (negative) politeness. In these speech acts, a request is not stated baldly but conveyed with the help of an implicature. The result is a ''whimperative'' like Can you pass the salt? or If you could pass the salt, that would be great. The latter (but not the former) is a case of speaker meaning. Accordingly, a speech act is a type of act that can be performed by speaker meaning that one is doing so. This conception still counts resigning, promising, asserting and asking as speech acts, while ruling out convincing, insulting and whispering. 4. Declarative Examples of Speech acts. Acts that create a new state of affairs in the world through the word, for example, when priests bless or marry two people and when judges sentence. It requires a certain level of authority on the part of the issuer. For example, if a teacher says when expelling a student: Examples of Speech acts. Six Properties of Indirect Speech Acts •Multiplicity of Meaning -Two speaker meanings: M1 (direct) and M2 (indirect) •Logical Priority of Meanings -M1 is logically prior to M2, but not necessarily psychologically prior. -M1 is the initial meaning in a chain •Haven't you forgotten to clean your room? DIRECT SPEECH Hari said, "I am very tired now". We may quote his actual words in inverted commas by placing a comma before the remark. INDIRECT/REPORTED SPEECH Hari said, "I am very tired now". Harisaid that he was very tired then. We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. Identify the sentence as DIRECT SPEECH or (5) An illocutionary act, the act performed by or in saying something (associated with the speaker's intention to achieve a certain result) (6) A perlocutionary act, or the act that is achieved by performing an illocutionary act (associated with the audience uptake of speaker's intention, not necessarily the intention itself) (7) Examples: a. Using indirect speech acts in interaction will make the interaction more polite between the sepeaker and the hearer, when speakers deliver