Nitro and nitroso dyes pdf

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personal views. Furthermore, dyes are not uniformly named, and often fancy names are used. In a chemical classification one divides organic dyes into: • Azo dyes (the greatest group), e.g. acid and basic azo dyes, • Nitro and nitroso dyes, • Chinone dyes, e.g. benzochinones, naphthachinones, • Di- and triphenylmethan dyes, reduction of dyes under anaerobic condition that results in colorless solution formation (Van der Zee and Vil-laverde 2005). Due to xenobiotic in nature of dyes, micro-organisms like bacteria which are having the capability to degrade dyes (including azo, nitro, and nitroso functional groups of dyes) are studied and reported (Rajashekar et al. ENZYMATIC REDUCTION OF NITRO COMPOUNDS TO AMINES WITH NITROREDUCTASES Approved by: Dr. Andreas S. Bommarius, Advisor School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Jim C. Spain School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Christopher W. Jones School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr fast dye where, as a dye that fades out, or is washed off is known as a fugitive dye (Mehta.and Mehta, 2009). Synthetic dyes today have evolved into a multi-billion dollar industry. Almost all the colors that you see today are synthetic dyes, and they are widely used for dyeing and printing in a broad range of industries. The synthetic dyes can Synthesis of azo dyes by the diazotization/coupling reaction. Azo dyes are synthetic compounds containing an azo bond -N=N-, obtained mainly from the aromatic amine substrate, nitro and nitroso. The synthesis processes rely on the use of an appropriate oxidizing/reducing reaction or a diazotization/coupling reaction. Common chromophores include -N=N­ (azo), =C=O (carbonyl),=C=C=, C=NH, -CH=N-, NO or N-OH (nitroso), -N02 or NO-OH (nitro) and C=S (sulphur). As a complement to the electron ac­ ceptors action are the groups called auxochromes, which electron donors gener­ ally on the opposite side of molecule and their basic function is to increase co­ lour. The synthetic nitro-aromatic compound m-nitrobenzene (m-DNB) is used in explosives, dyes, and as an intermediate in the synthesis of chemicals. It is found in the environment as a byproduct of trinitrotoluene (TNT). Nitro and Nitroso Dyes 355 Nitroso Compounds 365 Nitro Compounds, Aliphatic 373 Nitro Compounds, Aromatic 383 Nucleic Acids and Derivatives 417 Oil Sands 423 Oil Shales 437 Optically Active Compounds 451 Optical Brighteners and Fluorescent Dyes 459 Oxalic Acid 475 Oxidation 483 Oxide Ceramics 515 Paper, Fibrous Raw Materials 531 Paper, Production 577 Parasite Infections 637 Perfume 645 Fürs Dyes: Chemistry and Applications Mohammad Farhat AIi 8.1 Introduction 259 8.2 Colorants 260 8.3 Classification of Dyes 261 8.4 Textile Fibers 268 8.5 The Application of Dyes 272 8.6 Intermediates 274 8.6.1 Miscellaneous reactions 285 8.7 Manufacture of Dyes 286 8.8 Environmental and Health Aspects 287 References 288 8.1 Introduction Dyes are colored organic compounds that are used to impart 1. Nitro and Nitroso Dyes 2. Azo Dyes 3. Triarylmethane Dyes 4. Anthraquinone Dy